• The mD plasmid containing CD domain gene under the control

  2021-12-21

  

  The mD1.2 plasmid containing CD4 domain 1 gene under the control of a promoter was obtained as a gift from Dr. Dimiter S. Dimitrov. The mD1.2 plasmid was digested using restriction endonuclease I (New England BioLabs, USA) to release the mD1.2 gene. The gene encoding the mD1.2 protein was elongated

• br AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS br ACKNOWLEDGMENTS br Introduction

  2021-12-21

  

  AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Introduction Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Glycoprotein 120 (gp120) is an HIV-1 protein that can cause pain behaviors in animal models (Hao, 2013, Nasirinezhad et al., 2015,

• Elevated methylglyoxal levels also contribute

  2021-12-21

  

  Elevated methylglyoxal levels also contribute to carbonyl stress, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis and cell death. These mechanisms may be important for normal aging of the nervous system as well as for the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease wher

• Introduction Carbohydrates are some of the most stereochemic

  2021-12-21

  

  Introduction Carbohydrates are some of the most stereochemically complex biological molecules found in nature. In addition to their energetic and structural roles in living systems, their role when covalently linked to proteins is critically important in a myriad of molecular recognition processes.

• Previously localization studies have been conducted using

  2021-12-21

  

  Previously, localization studies have been conducted using antibody-based detection of Pgp protein in tissues of Clade V nematodes. In transgenic C. elegans, Cel-Pgp-3 and Cel-Pgp-1 proteins localized to the apical membranes of the excretory and intestinal cells and the anterior pharynx (Broeks et a

• By regulation of synaptic glutamate concentration glutamate

  2021-12-21

  

  By regulation of synaptic glutamate concentration, glutamate transporters play an important role in limiting glutamate signaling and controlling the activation of glutamate receptors (Rimmele and Rosenberg, 2016). Reduced glutamate transport is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of numerous neurol

• br The actions of GLP

  2021-12-21

  

  The actions of GLP-1 (9–36) on the vasculature/endothelium The previous sections have ascribed the vascular and/or endothelial actions of GLP-1/GLP-1R agonists to potential direct actions through a canonical GLP-1R, but as mentioned previously, whether VSMCs and ECs express a full-length GLP-1R r

• Recently unimolecular multi functional peptides that combine

  2021-12-21

  

  Recently, unimolecular, multi-functional peptides that combine GLP-1RA activity with calpain inhibitor and/or GIP activity have been suggested as new therapeutic agents for glycaemic and weight control. In rodents, dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists achieve significantly better glucose control an

• Neither GIP nor GIPR SNPs were associated with occurrence

  2021-12-21

  

  Neither GIP nor GIPR SNPs were associated with occurrence of fractures in the OPRA cohort (Table 4). Discussion The basis for this study lies in the role of glucose-insulinotropic peptide (GIP) hormone in the regulation of insulin secretion as well as its anabolic effect on osteoblasts and inhib

• br Discussion The model of a NVU described by Mathias

  2021-12-21

  

  Discussion The model of a NVU described by Mathias et al. (2018) has been implemented on the macro scale (see Kenny et al. (2018b)) via a 2D cerebral tissue slice coupled to a vascular tree. In particular, further communication within the tissue slice has been implemented via extracellular ion el

• The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was verified in all groups

  2021-12-20

  

  The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was verified in all groups using the chi-square test. Using WINPEPI 11.65, the number of carriers and non-carriers of the Δ32 allele was compared between the groups through the Pearson's chi-square test with Yates's correction. Two-tailed Fisher's test was used when ap

• In order to better manage HBV

  2021-12-20

  

  In order to better manage HBV infection and related liver diseases, it is critical to develop new antiviral strategies to increase the rate of functional or complete cure of HBV infection (HBsAg loss and cccDNA elimination), achieving more than viral suppression (Zeisel et al., 2015). As a result, m

• br Intracellular trafficking with concurrent signaling of NP

  2021-12-20

  

  Intracellular trafficking with concurrent signaling of NPRA Our recent studies have shown internalization and concurrent signaling of NPRA in subcellular compartments; this had not been previously demonstrated [26,42]. Preparation of the enhanced GFP (eGFP)-tagged NPRA (eGFP-NPRA) construct has g

• br Conclusion br Author statement br Acknowledgments br Intr

  2021-12-20

  

  Conclusion Author statement Acknowledgments Introduction The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is an important neurohormone network for vertebrates that regulates their gonadal development and maturation, guarantees their pubertal development and maintains their normal reproducti

• br Acknowledgment br Introduction Positive and negative

  2021-12-20

  

  Acknowledgment Introduction Positive and negative reinforcement are known as the two pivotal components in various models of drug dependence. Compulsive drug seeking behavior results from both the euphoric effects of drug use (positive reinforcement) and the unpleasant withdrawal signs followi

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