• br FXR FGF in the

  2022-02-17

  

  FXR–FGF15/19 in the control of BAs synthesis The nuclear receptor FXR is the master regulator of BAs homeostasis, modulating their synthesis, 74 and uptake [15]. FXR decreases BA de novo hepatic biosynthesis by reducing the expression of CYP7A1. At the canalicular membrane, newly-synthesized BAs

• hydrochloride synthesis The activation of GPR FFA

  2022-02-16

  

  The activation of GPR40/FFA1 signaling triggers the PLC/PIP2 signaling pathway and results in Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Increased Ca2+ levels may lead to activation of different protein kinases, such as Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV, Akt, extracellular sign

• Materials and methods br Results and discussion br Acknowled

  2022-02-16

  

  Materials and methods Results and discussion Acknowledgments This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants JP21300174 and JP25282144 (H.K.). Introduction Epigenetic modifications of histones, such a lysine acetylation, play a key role in

• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Several

  2022-02-16

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists have progressed into clinical development for indications including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, pain and narcolepsy. Each of the compounds studied herein has been extensively characterized in its own

• Under increased drug pressure more

  2022-02-16

  

  Under increased drug pressure, more protease variants with more than one substitution will likely become clinically relevant. The accumulation of additional substitutions can allow RAS variants to emerge that alone are not viable, but in combination can rescue the viral fitness. We previously demons

• HCV is a highly diverse virus with seven known

  2022-02-16

  

  HCV is a highly diverse virus with seven known genotypes (GT1–7) and multiple subtypes (Gower et al., 2014, Messina et al., 2015, Smith et al., 2014). Patients infected with HCV develop a heterogeneous population of viral species known as quasispecies due to low fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA pol

• Spindle positioning is governed by the actin cytoskeleton Af

  2022-02-16

  

  Spindle positioning is governed by the actin cytoskeleton. After a transient metaphase arrest, cells lacking haspin exhibit a misdistribution of actin, which accumulates within the bud. Actin dynamics is modulated by an intricate network including septins, the polarisome complex, and formins. We sho

• Petrat et al could show that even a

  2022-02-15

  

  Petrat et al. could show, that even a low dosage of 10-mg/kg glycine (133 μmol/kg) has a beneficial effect on the small intestine after I/R. In regard to glycine, β-alanine has a clearly higher EC50 to the GlyR and activates the receptor with an efficiency of only 34.6%.16, 17 Therefore, it can be c

• We next compared the enhancing effects of nM zinc on

  2022-02-15

  

  We next compared the enhancing effects of 100nM zinc on currents produced by a low concentration of glycine with zinc effects on the same currents produced by the partial agonist taurine. In this experiment, zinc was co-applied with concentrations of glycine or taurine producing 5–10% of the maximal

• To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft bel

  2022-02-15

  

  To maintain low Glu concentrations in the synaptic cleft below the affinity of its receptors, this amino POM 1 is rapidly removed from the extracellular space by a family of sodium-dependent high-affinity transport systems located mainly in the plasma membrane of perisynaptic astrocytes, and in to

• Two pathways have emerged to explain the beneficial metaboli

  2022-02-15

  

  Two pathways have emerged to explain the beneficial metabolic effect of Roux-en-Y bypass [Fig. 3]. Firstly, the rapid delivery of nutrients to the distal small intestine and bowel might up-regulate secretion of a physiological stimulus that improves glucose homeostasis. As such, GLP-1 represents an

• Polymerisation of HbS initiates the

  2022-02-15

  

  Polymerisation of HbS initiates the clinical complications of SCD (Bunn and Forget, 1986). The resulting sequelae are multiple and diverse, and their individual impact on pathogenesis is difficult to elucidate. Early changes include altered red cell membrane permeability (Gibson and Ellory, 2002, Le

• Recently several studies addressed cytological and biochemic

  2022-02-15

  

  Recently, several studies addressed cytological and biochemical features of oocyte aging. It was reported that cytological changes associated with the mammalian post-ovulatory oocyte aging include chromatin disorganization, abnormal meiotic spindle location or its disruption, partial exocytosis of c

• Literature review suggests a strong presence of central

  2022-02-15

  

  Literature review suggests a strong presence of central histaminergic transmission in the mibefradil areas targeted by caffeine to induce its behavioral actions. Interestingly, it is reported that caffeine administration increases the histamine neuronal activation and release of histamine in the br

• In addition to the importance

  2022-02-15

  

  In addition to the importance of heme as an enzymatic cofactor, heme also acts as an important iron source. In order to access the iron within heme, S. aureus encodes heme degrading enzymes known as heme oxygenases (Skaar et al., 2004b; Wu et al., 2005). The two heme oxygenases encoded by S. aureus,

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